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MacWorld 1999 January - Disc 2
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Macworld (1999-01) (Disk 2).dmg
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Equal-tempered tunings
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Equal-Tempered Tunings
You can use equal-tempered function to build octaves with required
number of steps. The operation is performed within activate-
tonality. Here is an example. This makes an equally tempered
tonality of 53 steps within octave starting from c 4 with 1000
steps semitone-resolution.
(activate-tonality (equal-tempered 53 'c 4 1000))
Here are some categorizing of equal-tempered scales picked from
tuning@varese.mills.edu discussion list on Internet. This is the
best forum on earth to know more on tunings.
SCALES WITH GOOD FIFTHS -- GROUP I (Less than 8 cents from 3/2)
Tones/oct: 12, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 31
A "12/oct-like" sound, strongly cadential. Biased toward harmony.
These tunings predispose themselves to homophony or consonant
counterpoint, though they can be used at cross-purposes
(as can all scales).
SCALES WITH GOOD FIFTHS - GROUP 2 (Less than 9 cents from 3/2)
Tones/oct: 34, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46 and all equal
temperaments greater than 47.
Extremely tonal. These tunings sound nearly identical, with
differences vanishingly small beyond 48/oct. Strongly biased
toward consonant harmony.
SCALES WITH MEDIOCRE FIFTHS - GROUP 1 ( 10 cents < fifths
< 20 cents)
PENTUPLETS: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 tones/oct.
All share a "5/oct" sound, vaguely South Seas in flavor.
SCALES WITH MEDIOCRE FIFTHS - Group 2 (10 cents < fifths
< 20 cents)
SEPTUPLETS: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 tones/oct.
A "7/oct" sound, akin to a melding of major and minor modes.
ODDBALLS
Tones/octave: 22, 26, 32, 33, 37, 42, 47
Nothing in common--except that these tunings sound like none
of the others above, and resist being notated.
SCALES WITH NO FIFTHS - GROUP 1 (all fifths > 35 cents from 3/2)
Macrotonal group: 6, 8, 9, 11 tones/oct
All share a pandiatonic sound, and lend themselves to a
heterophonic style.
SCALES WITH NO FIFTHS - GROUP 2 (all fifths > 26 cents from 3/2)
Anti-cadential, strongly biased toward melody. Suitable for
atonal music or dissonant counterpoint. All these tunings
share a weird "off-the-wall" sound.
META-GROUPS: 1 - tunings LESS interesting than the numbers
suggest: 8, 19, 24, 30, 32, 36, 48, 60 tones/oct
2 - Tunings MORE interesting than the numbers suggest: 9, 10,
11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 33 tones/oct.
9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21 and 25 have in particular been castigated
by any number of theorists--yet they sound GREAT. Clearly the
theorists never had access to cheap digitally retunable synths!
Ivor Darreg and I discovered some years back that all the
equal-tempered tunnigs are biased either toward melody or
toward harmony. That is: scales like 13/oct or extremely
high-limit just arrays (say, 79-limit with all its most far-fetched
chromatic tones) are inherently not built for slow steady
I-IV-V-I-style chord progressions. You don't want to hear
Gounod's "Ave Maria" in 13-TET!
But rapid contrapuntal music in 13 sounds peachy--especially
with inharmonic percussive timbres.
In the same way, rapid chromatic counterpoint in 53-TET was aptly
described by George Bernard Shaw as "unpleasantly slimy" when
Bosanquet offered it up on his well-known organ. Bosanquet would
have been better advised to play "Kom Susser Tod" or something like
it in 53-TET, or a reasonably low-limit JI array. (Below the 5-limit,
of course, the thirds get rasty--there are always caveats.)
So it has proven useful to adapt compositional style to the tuning.
Or to put it another way, to pick the tuning that suits the kind of
music you want to write. If you're out to produce a peaceful
chorale, use something like 34 or 41 or 53. If you want to do
rapid restless agitated counterpoint with lots of independent
lines criss-crossing and scurrying hither & yon, 13, 11, 23
or 9 are excellent.
There are of course a sizable number of "in-between" scales,
which partake of both tendencies...so it's not a black-and-white
scenario. You can also get vivid results by using a scale against
its natural tendencies--as Webern, Schoenberg, et al. have
demonstrated.
This insight of scalar "bias" has proven useful both to Ivor
and myself when faced with an unfamiliar equal temperament.
Probably the most impressive compositions using this idea are
Bill Schottstaedt's "Water Music I and II." Schottstaedt
employs the 11-TET scale for its melodic properties and
simultaneously uses the 48-TET scale to obtain vibrant
and intriguing dissonances. While Bil@CCRMA.stanford.edu
probably arrived at this result intuitively rather than by
analysis, his usage of the basic idea remains dextrous and
produces remarkably beautiful music. (If you haven't heard
the CD "Dinosaur Music," shame on you. Order it pronto.)